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This article is nearly the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, run across K (disambiguation).

Eleventh alphabetic character of the Latin alphabet

Thou
K yard
(See below)
Usage
Writing organization	Latin script
Blazon	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[1000] [kʰ] [kʼ] [ɡ]
Unicode codepoint	U+004B, U+006B
Alphabetical position	11
History
Development	Κ κ ϰ 𐌊 Thousand thou
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	• K  • Ʞ  • ₭
Sisters	К כ ך ک ك ܟ ࠊ 𐎋 ከ Կ կ Հ հ Խ խ
Variations	(See beneath)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	k(x)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, encounter IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

K, or k, is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English language is kay (pronounced ), plural kays.^[1] The letter of the alphabet 1000 usually represents the voiceless velar plosive.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph D	Proto-Sinaitic K	Proto-Canaanite kap	Phoenician kaph	Greek Kappa	Latin K

The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand.^[2] This, in plough, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for "hand" representing /ḏ/ in the Egyptian word for hand, ⟨ḏ-r-t⟩ (likely pronounced /ˈcʼaːɾat/ in Erstwhile Egyptian). The Semites evidently assigned it the sound value /k/ instead, because their word for hand started with that sound.^[3]

In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, One thousand and Q were all used to represent the sounds /m/ and /ɡ/ (which were non differentiated in writing). Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (east.1000. ⟨EQO⟩ 'ego'), K before /a/ (e.k. ⟨KALENDIS⟩ 'calendis'), and C elsewhere. Later, the utilise of C and its variant G replaced most usages of K and Q. K survived merely in a few fossilized forms such as Kalendae, "the calends".^[iv]

Later on Greek words were taken into Latin, the Kappa was transliterated equally a C. Loanwords from other alphabets with the audio /k/ were also transliterated with C. Hence, the Romance languages generally use C, in imitating Classical Latin'south practice, and take K merely in later loanwords from other language groups. The Celtic languages also tended to use C instead of K, and this influence carried over into Old English.

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Kk

Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Faroese		/1000/	difficult
		/tʃʰ/	soft
Greek		/c/	soft	Latinization
		/k/	hard	Latinization
Icelandic		/cʰ/	soft
		/ç/	soft, lenited
		/kʰ/	difficult
		/x/	hard, lenited
Mandarin	Standard	/kʰ/		Pinyin latinization
Norwegian		/ç/	soft
		/k/	difficult
Swedish		/m/	hard
		/ɕ/	soft
Turkish		/c/	soft
		/g/	hard

English

English language is now the simply Germanic language to productively utilize "difficult" ⟨c⟩ (exterior the digraph ⟨ck⟩) rather than ⟨k⟩ (although Dutch uses information technology in loan words of Latin origin, and the pronunciation of these words follows the same hard/soft distinction as in English).^{[ citation needed ]}

The letter ⟨k⟩ is silent at the start of an English word when it comes before the alphabetic character ⟨due north⟩, equally in the words "knight," "knife," "knot," "know," and "articulatio genus".

Like J, X, Q, and Z, the letter K is not used very oft in English language. It is the 5th least oft used alphabetic character in the English language language, with a frequency in words of most 0.8%.

Number

In the International System of Units (SI), the SI prefix for one 1000 is kilo-, officially abbreviated as k: for case, prefixed to metre/meter or its abbreviation 1000, kilometre or km signifies a thousand metres. As such, people occasionally correspond numbers in a non-standard notation by replacing the final iii zeros of the general numeral with K, equally in 30K for thirty,000.

Other languages

In most languages where it is employed, this letter represents the sound /chiliad/ (with or without aspiration) or some similar sound.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨g⟩ for the voiceless velar plosive.

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

• 𐤊 : Semitic alphabetic character Kaph, from which the following symbols originally derive
• Κ κ/ϰ : Greek letter Kappa, from which K derives
• К к : Cyrillic alphabetic character Ka, as well derived from Kappa
• Thousand with diacritics: Ƙ ƙ, Ꝁ ꝁ, Ḱ ḱ, Ǩ ǩ, Ḳ ḳ, Ķ ķ, ᶄ, Ⱪ ⱪ, Ḵ ḵ
  • Ꞣ and ꞣ were used in Latvian orthography before 1921^[5]
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter K:^[6]
  • U+1D0B ᴋ LATIN LETTER Pocket-size Capital M
  • U+1D37 ᴷ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Capital letter Thousand
  • U+1D4F ᵏ MODIFIER Letter SMALL Thou
• ₖ : Subscript small m was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[7]
• Ʞ ʞ : Turned capital and small-scale thousand were used in transcriptions of the Dakota linguistic communication in publications of the American Board of Ethnology in the late 19th century.^[eight] Turned small-scale k was likewise used for a velar click in the International Phonetic Alphabet but its use was withdrawn in 1970.

Ligatures and abbreviations

• ₭ : Lao kip
• Ꝃ ꝃ, Ꝅ ꝅ, Ꞣ ꞣ : Diverse forms of One thousand were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[9]

Computing codes

Grapheme data

Preview	K		yard		Yard
Unicode proper noun	LATIN Uppercase K		LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER K		KELVIN SIGN
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	75	U+004B	107	U+006B	8490	U+212A
UTF-eight	75	4B	107	6B	226 132 170	E2 84 AA
Numeric character reference	K	K	k	k	K	K
EBCDIC family	210	D2	146	92
ASCII 1	75	4B	107	6B

^one Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representation

Other usage

• "Chiliad" replacing "C" in satiric misspelling.
• K is the unit symbol for the kelvin, used to measure thermodynamic temperature (annotation: degree sign is non used with kelvin scale).
• K is the chemic symbol for the element potassium (K is an abbreviation of kalium, the Latin proper name for potassium).
• Triangle K.
• Unit prefix k, meaning yard times.
• Josef Grand is the name of the principal character in Franz Kafka's novel The Trial.
• In chess notation, the letter Thousand represents the King (WK for White King, BK for Blackness King).
• In baseball scoring, the letter of the alphabet K is used to correspond a strikeout. A forward oriented Yard represents a "strikeout swinging"; a backwards oriented K () represents a "strikeout looking".
• Equally abbreviation for OK, often used in emails and short text letters.
• K is used equally a slang term for Ketamine among recreational drug users.
• In the CMYK color model, K represents black ink.
• In International Morse code it is used to mean "over".^[x]
• In fracture mechanics, One thousand is used to represent the stress intensity factor.
• In physics, k normally stands for Boltzmann'southward constant
• Chiliad (logic).
• Thou is used colloquially to mean kilometre (every bit in "a 10K run").
• K is used to indicate thousands, especially when expressing amounts of coin, east.g. $20K = xx thousand dollars.
• In the United kingdom nether the old organisation (before 2001), a licence plate that begins with "Grand" for example "K123 XYZ" would correspond to a vehicle registered between August 1, 1992, and July 31, 1993. Again under the one-time arrangement, a licence plate that ends with "K" for instance "ABC 123K" would stand for to a vehicle that was registered between Baronial 1, 1971, and July 31, 1972.
• On Idaho license plates, an initial One thousand in the plate number indicates information technology was issued in Kootenai County.

References

1. ^ "K" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'due south Third New International Lexicon of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "kay," op. cit.
2. ^ "G". The Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1977, online(registration required) ^{[ dead link ]}
3. ^ Gordon, Cyrus H. (1970). "The Accidental Invention of the Phonemic Alphabet". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 29 (3): 193–197. doi:10.1086/372069. JSTOR 543451. S2CID 161870047.
4. ^ Sihler, Andrew 50. (1995). New Comparative Grammer of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN0-19-508345-8. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-10-18 .
5. ^ "Latin Extended-D" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2019-03-06 .
6. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
7. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode boosted characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
8. ^ Everson, Michael; Jacquerye, Denis; Lilley, Chris (2012-07-26). "L2/12-270: Proposal for the improver of ten Latin characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
9. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-xxx). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
10. ^ Stephen Phillips (2009-06-04). "International Morse Code". Archived from the original on 2014-02-12. Retrieved 2014-02-x .

External links

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